Position sensors are devices that detect the position or movement of an object and convert these measurements into signals that can be processed, transmitted, or used for control purposes. They are essential in a variety of systems, including drive-by-wire cars, injection molding machines, medical equipment, fly-by-wire aircraft systems, bullet trains, and packaging machines.

Motor control refers to the process of managing the operation of electric motors. It involves the use of electronic devices and algorithms to control motor speed, torque, direction, and other parameters. Here's a simple introduction to motor control in English.

Conductivity sensors are devices designed to measure the electrical conductivity of a solution, which is a measure of a material's ability to conduct an electric current.